Impact of ICT on Country Development

Effect of ICT on Country Development Official Summary In this introduction we offer guidance to the Government of Malambia, a least evolved nation with a GDP for each capita of US$480 and whose populace of 39 million individuals lion's share of whom live in the country territories. In the capital city, an imposing business model system of fixed phones under the immediate control of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, has arrived at just 9% out of more than 5 million. The provincial regions have a teledensity of 0.25%. This counsel incorporates how the nation, which has as of late found a tremendous wellspring of oil in a lacking area 100 kilometers from the cash-flow to a prosperous ICT driven nation. This guidance is spread out in National methodology for correspondences advancement in a sequential request starting with defense to break imposing business model and requirement for rivalry strategy in Malambia. It shows the lawful necessities and clarifies the privatized business condition. In the following section the proposed foundation of a national administrative authority is talked about appearing: kinds of administrative bodies, the job of administrative power which will incorporate among others; checking utilization of recurrence range, endorsement of correspondence gear, Management recurrence range, assurance of purchasers, permitting and valuing of broadcast communications administrators, overseeing Internet convention locations and number transportability and Universal access, recurrence arranging and strategy, and Interconnectivity, Under a similar section we talk about conceivable structure administrative body, the required standards and guideline, the Legal, necessities for the administrative power, its autonomy and structure of the administrative position. In the following part we inspect turning out ICT inclusion in Malambia and we see, Internet administration arrangement, Connectivity of broadband, Introduction of VOIP administrations, Oil and its effect on ICT advancement and methodologies for ICT development procedures. In the following section we propose radical proposition for arrange interconnectivity with accentuation on; general concurrences on interconnectivity, necessities for smooth interconnectivity, interconnection administrations, dealing with interconnectivity debates and interconnection charging and charges In the following section, we look at the reasonable effect of new ICT administrations for a quick monetary development as far as new advances, new administrations in change of socio-economy, met ICT administrations and give models. At last we make proposals which we accept will be helpful and encourage strategy producers in Malambia to inspect them and apply them. Introduction Toward the finish of 2009, more than 145 Regulatory Bodies were recognized as being set up worldwide however Malambia presently doesnt have one. The Telecommunications business in Malambia is still in monopolistic condition with the officeholder just media transmission organize offering fixed telephone utilities heavily influenced by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Fortunately for the individuals of Malambia a gigantic wellspring of oil was found as of late in a lacking area 100 kilometers from the capital. One master assesses this oil to deliver income by 2015. The conversation in this paper is guidance to the administration of Malambia on how the nation can change itself from its present modest formative status with accentuation on broadcast communications in its numerous structures. Explicitly the paper will talk about the accompanying: A national methodology for interchanges advancement A depiction of the proposed administrative structure Proposals with respect to how the inclusion level of the populace can accomplish 65% by 2015 Radical recommendations on organize interconnection New administrations that will help with changing the nations economy It is recommended that the administration and individuals of Malambia give the proposed changes support through the governing body and the various procedures to accomplish the change in media communications that will give the nation the stimulus to financial and social advancement in the cutting edge period of correspondences. National Strategy For Communications Development The Need To Break Monopoly The progression is the opening of a monopolistic market to serious arrangement of offices and administrations expulsion of lawful requirements which forestall correspondence specialist organizations from entering markets and offering serious types of assistance. Market advancement looks to evacuate authoritative and administrative encumbrances that are identified with business fire up, activity, exchange, installment of assessments, conclusion and capital streams and benefit repatriation by decreasing the time and cost related with different government and different necessities (Canto 2010: 1). Malambia needs to change the broadcast communications division to make change to past legitimate limitations in media communications strategy and think of another Communication laws, the making of a Communication Regulatory Authority, the smoothing out of national approach to global norms, and the arrangement of strategy for venture and business control. In most World Trade Organization (WTO) part nations, advancement has come to mean the opening of a monopolistic market to serious arrangement of offices and administrations, regardless of whether the previous imposing business model administrator is a state endeavor or a private venture (World Bank, 2006). Avocation For A Competition Policy In Malambia An imposing business model conceded either to an individual or to an exchanging organization has a similar impact as a mystery in exchange or produces. The monopolists, by keeping the market continually under-supplied, by never completely providing the efficacious interest, sell their items much over the normal cost, and raise their remittances, regardless of whether they comprise in wages or benefit, enormously over their common rate. (Smith 1776) ICT changes in Malambia should outfitted towards breaking the monopolistic government possessed broadcast communications organization and permit numerous administrators to go after assistance conveyance. Rivalry helps the nation from multiple points of view, for example, serious costs as purchasers can pick their preferred organization, presentation of various items and administrations and advancements. As rivalry among specialist organizations expands more clients are brought into the business section and in this manner the legislature gets more assessments which are utilized to create different divisions of the economy. With possibilities for oil incomes numerous worldwide broadcast communications organizations will come to Malambia just if the media communications condition is changed. Lawful Requirements To put it plainly, rivalry strategy in Malambia will support productivity, ideal allotment of assets and specialized progression however this should be made sure about by law. In the first place, the absolute most significant factor to effective privatization or progression is clear government objectives for the telecom part and the selection of arrangements to accomplish those objectives. Second, one basic issue for fruitful advancement is an open and straightforward guideline. The WTO understanding necessitates that the controller be autonomous of state administrator, as this permits responsibility, straightforwardness and value (Canto 2010: 5). Malambian government will in this way need to set up an enemy of imposing business model Bill that will be examined and sent to the Parliament to be marked as a demonstration of Parliament and afterward by the president into law. Current rivalry law has truly advanced on a nation level to advance and keep up rivalry in business sectors basically inside the regional limits of country states. National rivalry law for the most part doesn't cover action past regional fringes except if it has noteworthy impacts at country state level (Martyn 2006: 1).When ensured by law most universal organizations have a sense of safety to put resources into a nation and Malambia won't be extraordinary. The Privatized Commercial Environment A domain where it is conceivable to set up an organization with various investors under a lawful name and exchange mark is alluded to as a business situation. Privatization is the exchange of benefits or administration conveyance from the Government offices to people or gatherings of people. The exchange be selective to the activity, the executives or all out responsibility for government possessed substances. Privatization of Malambia ICT administrations will achieve various advantages, for example, better and differentiated items and administrations, less expensive administrations as there won't be value fixing, advancements in items and administration conveyance with the goal for organizations to get or hold customers, more extensive inclusion as contending firms look for customers and obviously more incomes to the legislature regarding charges. A privatized situation calls for private financial specialists to put their capital in organizations as organizations need to utilize the cash-flow to update their equipment, put resources into new advancements and gain the basics for the organizations to on the grounds that there are no administration endowments to utilize. Private speculators need to ensure there will be returns on their ventures and will ensure there is reasonable play, a level playing field and security for their speculations. Reasonable play among the various administrators is guaranteed by an administrative body that screens and assesses how the administrators observe and keep the principles, guidelines and laws set up. Proposed Establishment Of Malambia Regulatory Authority So as to implement the application and utilization of the correspondence laws, rules and guidelines in the changed market, pull in provincial and global financial specialists and shield purchasers from cartels and overpricing through arrangement in ICT area in Malambia, there is have to set up an Independent Communications Regulatory Authority to guarantee a smooth progress from a solitary government administrator to multi-administrators in the ICT segment. Malambia should utilize the administrative body to: make and convey reasonable, open, quicker and current assistance to buyers; permit access to a wide scope of correspondences administrations; pull in provincial/global speculators; set up reas

Alternative Forms In Theatre Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Elective Forms In Theater - Case Study Example The performance center gives an energizing chance to watch stories and circumstances as though they were reality, indicating us reality of our tendency. For whatever length of time that mankind exists, theater will consistently take on a significant capacity inside its societies (Frazier 89). Through theater, a culture communicates, mirrors its general public, and showcases its independence. It welcomes individuals to encounter different societies (Brown 192). All things considered, the current inquiry is whether theater will have a job in the general public of things to come, where film, advanced TV, and PCs will proceed to extend and develop. The response to this inquiry is yes. Theater may be a portion in a strong media industry. Theater then again, and its substance may take on a bigger measurement, however we get it legitimately in fragile living creature and blood - balanced. The mystical air between an entertainer and onlooker who are continually mindful of one another and the auditorium's degree of commitment is in a general sense increasingly human and unquestionably progressively close. Theater will endure in view of its significance, it isn't only a presentation. It is the blend of the fortitude of its makers and the expectations and desires for the crowd. Theater draws its purpose behind presence from its quality and redirection, its human contact, its enthusiasm, its vitality and its fervor. This fragile living creature and bl ood understanding of the auditorium adds to the idea of performed personalities inside the real hypothetical exhibition (Flannery 86). In A Streetcar Named Desire the crowd encounters the performed characters of guys and females in the way of life of the time. In The Emperor Jones, the crowd is brought into the performed character of the head as a man who is adulterated by force, and along these lines taints himself. By investigating the dramatic exhibitions, we can perceive how the individual personalities are shown in every one of the primary characters; Blanche and the emperor.Good dramatization is based on struggle or something to that affect - a resistance of powers or wants that must be settled before the finish of the story. When creating performed characters this is unquestionably obvious. A Streetcar Named Desire utilizes precisely that. A restriction of powers, and want, all of which must go to a type of goals or end toward the end rejects on the performed identies of the characters. The manner in which the venue presents this dramatization edifies the crowd with respect to the performed personalities of the primary character, Blanche. The ongoing creation of this play made an awesome showing of acquainting the crowd with the contentions and performed personalities toward the beginning of the play. The primary scene had the on-screen characters introducing, with practical feeling, components of which add to the dramatization of the play through the performed personalities of the characters. The acting assisted with upholding the ideas of the performed characters through the dramatic introduction of things as Stella being pregnant, Blanche moving in with Stanley and Stella, and Stanley's doubt for Blanche.The performed personalities are additionally introduced through the creation and introduction of the entertainers as the things in the play consistently progress. The on-screen characters and entertainers make a fabulous showing of authorizing the en thusiastic ideas driving the play, and centering the performed personality idea for the most part on Blanche as the battling female. The passionate introduction of

No subject Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No subject - Essay Example Then again, infant young ladies incline toward sustaining, helpful, and dolls play. In school, most young men exceed expectations in math and science subjects while young ladies in craftsmanship and writing. Young ladies read, compose, and talk sooner than young men do. Young ladies are likewise more compassionate and enthusiastic with others than young men. Be that as it may, young men are truly dynamic and more forceful than young ladies. As per Kimmel (22), the hormonal and hereditary components characterize sex contrasts. This examination expect that natural sex decided social contrasts. This examination shows that, the variety in sexual orientation is investigated in the meanings of gentility and manliness. Naturally, men convey various degrees of testosterone and cerebrum structure than ladies. This clarifies why most men are sex driven than ladies. It additionally clarifies why most ladies are progressively passionate, touchy, and delicate than men. All things considered, infa nt young ladies are touchy to sound and contact than infant young men. They likewise show more enthusiasm for holding eye to eye connection and speaking with others than young men. Young ladies with CAH, which is a protein lack that produces male hormones in girls’ embryo, may show enthusiasm for sports exercises and become progressively solid in future. In any case, different investigations uncover nature assumes a critical job on sexual orientation generalizations. ... As a rule, young ladies are more spoiled than young men and this makes them to be more passionate than young men. Youngsters take in some conduct from the media. For example, the media depicts female characters as enthusiastic, sentimental, and delicate. Then again, the media depicts male characters as increasingly intense, ambitious, and dynamic. Most advertisements for young men are noisy and invigorating while those for young ladies are calm and relieving. In light of this, youngsters who observe more TV shows display more sex generalizations about young men and young ladies. At a youthful age, the kid starts to see how the individual ought to carry on in the general public as directed ordinarily. In the general public, certain human attributes are socially specific of just one sex. For example, young men are relied upon to be stoutly solid while young ladies are definitely not. Young ladies are additionally expected to be enthusiastic, delicate, mindful, adoring, and accommodatin g. In certain occasions, the general public anticipates that ladies should sustain, cook for their companions, and go for shopping. It is imperative to take note of that, culture assumes a fundamental job in sex contrasts. In many societies, ladies perform family tasks and liable for kid care. Nonetheless, most societies request men to accommodate their family. In African nations, men are more enabled than ladies. With this, it is apparent that conventions and social traditions add to the sexual orientation philosophies and contrasts. Most solid men takes an interest more on lifting weights rivalries while ladies take an interest more in the open segment in light of the idea of performing kid care obligations. A few scholars have endeavored to clarify sex disparity and division of work. For example, Kimmel (56) calls attention to that, the effect of property possessing, the interest of winning in the war, and the

Up in Arms About Sample Paper Apa?

Up in Arms About Sample Paper Apa? An additional secret is that for us, you aren't average. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. The term template is presented which can be readily edited any moment. Custom writing means a critical company with high standards. The APA Manual are available in virtually any college bookstore, along with in many. Learning about APA style will be an extremely rewarding experience for you, as you're going to be in a position to reply it in all your next writing assignments. Basically, APA format is utilized in the social sciences. however, it isn't just restricted to social sciences alone. The precise structure of your paper will vary somewhat depending on the kind of paper you've been requested to write. Exactly like in books advertised online, only certain parts of the paper is going to be exposed. If you are working to publish a paper in a particular journal, you're going to be asked to stick to the format of that journal. Whenever you have your paper in order, it's a superb concept to assess this handy. Key Pieces of Sample Paper Apa In several cases it will stipulate that you need to use what is called the APA format. The format can be adapted based on the nature and the topic of a customized essay. The APA format is among the most frequent writing styles followed in several colleges and. To begin with, begin by observing a number of the conventional rules of APA format. The APA citation is achieved by the template no matter the period of document. Additional information regarding the APA style is offered in the boxes. Your chosen citation style is going to be saved for the whole document, and that means you won't need to reselect it every single time you cite another source! Find out more about APA and MLA styles to be aware of the main. Sample Paper Apa Ideas Other completely free extras that are included are a totally free outline, completely free plagiarism report and totally free title page. Only the portions of the principal body should have headings! This example indicates an excerpt from the midst of a paragraph. The Basic Facts of Sample Paper Apa When you review the various aspects of APA formatting, you can find that it. The aim of a review paper is to succinctly review recent progress in a certain topic. APA format is a favorite among students owing to its simple guidelines and approach. In every research proposal it's advised t o use a particular manner of writing and structure and in the modern article we're likely to cover all the facets of the APA research proposal and the way to compose a proposal. The first purpose of every introduction is going to be to herald to the readers that something serious which must be managed properly in the body of the expression paper. There are lots of crucial guidelines to keep in mind while writing. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. The perfect style is to maintain the very first letter of every word capital. In case you're not able to do the research paper as a result of any reason, you can trust ProfEssays to write for you in accordance to your requirements. If you're struggling finding good sources for your research paper whilst making your proposal, it is a fantastic indication you should select another topic. By making use of a research outline template you're able to produce the practice of. There's another evidence that support the aforementioned statement. As soon as you make an interview paper, be certain that it has all of the important APA elements. Regardless of the sort of paper you're writing under the APA paper format, it has to follow certain guidelines. You might be accustomed to writing papers in another format like MLA or Chicago style, so it may take a while to find the hang of writing in APA format. Apa american psychological association style is among the most widespread academic formats when it has to do with writing research papers. Newspaper articles do not demand an author. Writing essays all on your own. Writing a great research paper.

The Best, Most Famous Plays by Harold Pinter

Born: October 10th, 1930 (London, England) Died: December 24th, 2008 â€Å"I’ve never been able to write a happy play, but I’ve been able to enjoy a happy life.† Comedy of Menace To say that Harold Pinter’s plays are unhappy is a gross understatement. Most critics have labeled his characters â€Å"sinister† and â€Å"malevolent.† The actions within his plays are bleak, dire, and purposely without purpose. The audience leaves bewildered with a queasy feeling – an uneasy sensation, as though you were supposed to do something terribly important, but you can’t remember what it was. You leave the theater a bit disturbed, a bit excited, and more than a bit unbalanced. And that’s just the way Harold Pinter wanted you to feel. Critic Irving Wardle used the term, â€Å"Comedies of Menace† to describe Pinter’s dramatic work. The plays are fueled by intense dialogue that seems disconnected from any sort of exposition. The audience rarely knows the background of the characters. They don’t even know if the characters are telling the truth. The plays do offer a consistent theme: domination. Pinter described his dramatic literature as an analysis of â€Å"the powerful and the powerless.† Though his earlier plays were exercises in absurdity, his later dramas became overtly political. During the last decade of his life, he focused less on writing and more on political activism (of the left-wing variety). In 2005, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. During his Nobel lecture he stated: â€Å"You have to hand it to America. It has exercised a quite clinical manipulation of power worldwide while masquerading as a force for universal good.† Politics aside, his plays capture a nightmarish electricity that jolts the theater. Here is a brief look at the best of Harold Pinter’s plays: The Birthday Party (1957) A distraught and disheveled Stanley Webber may or may not be a piano player. It may or may not be his birthday. He may or may not know the two diabolically bureaucratic visitors that have come to intimidate him. There are many uncertainties throughout this surreal drama. However, one thing is definite: Stanley is an example of a powerless character struggling against powerful entities. (And you can probably guess who is going to win.) The Dumbwaiter (1957) It has been said that this one-act play was the inspiration for the 2008 film In Bruges. After viewing both the Colin Farrell movie and the Pinter play, it is easy to see the connections. â€Å"The Dumbwaiter† reveals the sometimes boring, sometimes anxiety-ridden lives of two hitmen – one is a seasoned professional, the other is newer, less sure of himself. As they wait to receive orders for their next deadly assignment, something rather odd happens. The dumbwaiter at the back of the room continually lowers down food orders. But the two hitmen are in a grungy basement – there’s no food to prepare. The more the food orders persist, the more the assassins turn on each other. The Caretaker (1959) Unlike his earlier plays, The Caretaker was a financial victory, the first of many commercial successes. The full-length play takes place entirely in a shabby, one-room apartment owned by two brothers. One of the brothers is mentally disabled (apparently from electro-shock therapy). Perhaps because he isn’t very bright, or perhaps out of kindness, he brings a drifter into their home. A powerplay begins between the homeless man and the brothers. Each character talks vaguely about things they want to accomplish in their life – but not one of the characters lives up to his word. The Homecoming (1964) Imagine you and your wife travel from America to your hometown in England. You introduce her to your father and working-class brothers. Sounds like a nice family reunion, right? Well, now imagine your testosterone-mad relatives suggest that your wife abandon her three children and stay on as a prostitute. And then she accepts the offer. That’s the kind of twisted mayhem that occurs throughout Pinter’s devious Homecoming. Old Times (1970) This play illustrates the flexibility and fallibility of memory. Deeley has been married to his wife Kate for over two decades. Yet, he apparently does not know everything about her. When Anna, Kate’s friend from her distant bohemian days, arrives they begin talking about the past. The details are vaguely sexual, but it seems that Anna recalls having a romantic relationship with Deeley’s wife. And so begins a verbal battle as each character narrates what they remember about yesteryear – though it’s uncertain whether those memories are a product of truth or imagination.

Anna Quindlen Essay - 1208 Words

Rhetorical Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Anna Quindlen describes in the essay â€Å"Abortion is too Complex to Feel one Way About† the different situation that we as a human race are put in everyday. She talks about the topic of abortion in a way that one feels they have had to make the decision of whether or not a person is pro-choice or pro-life. She uses references that are of different personal experiences in the essay that are vital to the audience. Quindlen is writing to state her point that one should never put their self in this situation because one should take the proper responsibility. In this paper you will read about the conflict with abortion and what Quindlen thinks about this issue. The author presents an†¦show more content†¦Evidence stated in this essay is less than what one would think because when this issue is usually discussed the writer lets their emotion over run the issue. She uses her family enough to let her audience know that she has a little credibility with the situation. Asking her husband a question about what if she accidentally got what would he want her to do? He says â€Å"and waste a perfectly good human being†(628)? He said this being sarcastic and really meaning that even though they might struggle with having a third child that they would still keep it and love it as much as their other children. She used her husband to show that the choice is not just for the female but for the male also. Her third strategy used is ambiguity. When legally we have the right to say yes but morally, is this the right decision to make? The right to choose is a choice that she has already made but she chooses to stay behind both sides of the lines depending on what situation the person is in. Allowing her audience to choose without her having to drive a certain side into their brains. This choice should be made before we are put in to this situation before we decide to lye down with that person or before we even think about that person in a sexual way, but our society today thinks after and not before. Quindlen lets her audience know that it is not easy raising children even when you think it is the right situation or theShow MoreRelatedDeath Ushers Grief in â€Å"Whoever We Are, Loss Finds us and Defines Us† by Anna Quindlen851 Words   |  4 PagesUs†, by Anna Quindlen, she brings forth the discussion griefs grip on the lives of the living. Wounds of death can heal with the passing of time, but in this instance, the hurt lives on. Published in New York, New York on June 5, 1994, this is one of many Quindlen published in the New York Times, centered on deaths aftermath. This article, written in response to the death of Quindlen’s sister-in-law, and is focused on an audience who has, currently is, or will experience death. Quindlen-a columnistRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Quindlen and Lutz800 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast of Quindlen and Lutz Upon reading and examining two essays, â€Å"Life under the chief doublespeak officer† a narrative by William Lutz and â€Å"Homeless†, a descriptive by Anna Quindlen, I firmly believe that Quindlen provides the preferred essay due to the gravity of her subject, greater personal relevance, and that her material allows the reader to sympathize with the subject matter. William Lutz’s essay addresses the growing trend in Corporate America to disguise actions with wordsRead MoreIs Stuff Is Not Salvation, By Anna Quindlen922 Words   |  4 Pagescause me to look at things with eyes I had not used before. One article in particular that sticks out in my mind, is Stuff is Not Salvation, by Anna Quindlen. Through her use of Ethos, she really brings to light how Americans have this ridiculous obsession with buying stuff. She notes how we are trying to use junk to make ourselves happier, but in the end, as Anna puts it, â€Å"The happiest families I know aren’t the ones with the most square footage† (Qtd in Perspectives pg 503). Before reviewing this articleRead MoreSex Ed By Anna Quindlen963 Words   |  4 Pagesworked at The New York Times. She became a reporter for the New York Post after college before returning to the Times in 1977. â€Å"Sex Ed† by Anna Quindlen in the Wake Tech Reader is an article that distinguished he r as being a feminist. Even though â€Å"Sex Ed† was written long ago, it is as relevant today as then because teens today are not much different from then. In Anna Quindlen’s essay, ‘Sex Ed,† she expresses that parents and teachers need to come together and talk to teenagers about sex. In Quindlen’sRead MoreEssay about Anna Quindlen1208 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis Anna Quindlen describes in the essay Abortion is too Complex to Feel one Way About the different situation that we as a human race are put in everyday. She talks about the topic of abortion in a way that one feels they have had to make the decision of whether or not a person is pro-choice or pro-life. She uses references that are of different personal experiences in the essay that are vital to the audience. Quindlen is writing to state her point that one should never putRead MoreBlack And Blue By Anna Quindlen1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe book â€Å"Black and Blue† was written by Anna Quindlen. This book was based on a story of a women named Frannie Benedetto who got married at a young age to a police officer who brutally abused her. What makes this story even worse is that there was a child involved. The husband never abused the child, but the child did witness what was going on to his mother as he helplessly heard or watched the commotion. Frannie after twenty years came t o the decision that she had to leave her abusive husband.Read MoreAnalysis Of Black And Blue By Anna Quindlen946 Words   |  4 Pages Intimate partner violence is characterized not only by physical violence, but also sexual, emotional, and mental violence through the use of threats (Understanding Intimate Partner Violence, 2011). In Black and Blue, Anna Quindlen delves into the mind of a woman who faces intimate partner violence in her everyday life. Fran, or Beth, and her son attempt to get away from Fran’s abusive cop husband. While Black and Blue is a fiction novel, its points about intimate partner violence hold true inRead MoreThe Drug That Pretends It Isn t By Anna Quindlen1002 Words   |  5 Pages The article â€Å"The drug that pretends it isn’t† was written by author Anna Quindlen. This article became available to the public in april,9,2000. This article brought to life a lot of issues regarding drugs and changed people’s perspective regarding the use of drugs. Throughout the article Quindlen presents multiple points towards the use of alcohol, and mentions the fact that it is very dangerous and should be consired a drug. Guindlen brings up very valid points regarding the alcohol abuse issueRead MoreSummary Of A Quilt Of A Country And The Immigrant Contributions1113 Words   |  5 Pages Both Anna Quindlen with her essay â€Å"A Quilt of a Country† and John F. Kennedy with his essay â€Å"The Immigrant Contribution† have documented the story of these immigrants and what they have done to contribute to the great country of the United States of America. Both authors have written in their own unique style which has changed the reader’s perspective of their accomplishments, contributions, and sense of community in their new nation. In the essays â€Å"A Quilt of a Country† by Anna Quindlen and â€Å"TheRead More Views on Gay Marriage in Anna Quindlin’s Essay Evan’s Two Moms1164 Words   |  5 Pages The essay, â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms†, was written by Anna Quindlin and published in the 2004 edition of Good Reasons with Comtemporary Arguments. This essay takes a liberal point of view concerning gay marriage and the ability to raise a child in a gay family. Throughout Quindlen’s essay, her structure introduces ethos, pathos and logos through a variety of court cases to gain the readers trust; she appeals to both emotion and logic in her reader through passion and unwavering intensity, which disapproves

Tourism as a Force for Peace - Free Sample

Question: Discuss about theTourism as a Force for Peace. Answer: Introduction The tourism industry is among the fastest growing industries in the world (Kester 2014). According to Horner and Swarbrooke (2016, p 32), tourism involves travelling for pleasure to places outside an individuals usual environment. Tourism can either be domestic or international. Tourism is an essential life activity because it directly affects the economic, social, cultural and educational sectors. A majority of countries depend on tourism as one of the core sources of foreign exchange and income. However, tourism can be used for a greater good of humanity like promoting peace in the world (Kester 2014). In the argument of Barash and Webel (2013) peace is a term used to refer to the situations where there is no violence or conflicts. Tourism can be used to reduce the root causes of conflicts in situations likely to degenerate into conflicts and violence (Pernecky 2013). This essay critically analyses the potential of tourism as a force for peace. Discussion The prominence of tourism has contributed to the recent interest by scholars and other professionals in tourism as a potential for peacemaking (Miller, Rojek Urry 2014). Tourism involves bringing people together, embracing the connectedness of all things and people as well as learning about each other. Tourism plays a vital role in bringing the hosts and the guest together to learn about peace by appreciating and understanding diverse cultural values and beliefs and through connection with the natural word like wildlife, oceans, mountains and the waterfalls (Pizam 2006). According to Miller, et al., (2014) people who have interacted with different people of different background and cultures are more tolerable than people who have not interacted a lot. However, there is an argument that tourism is a beneficiary of peace and not a generator of peace. The assumption is based on the argument that tourism cannot exist without peace. Though true, the role of tourism in creating a peaceful co-existence between people of different nations cannot be underestimated (Pratt Liu 2016). In the argument of Hall, Timothy Duval (2004), tourism has the ability to drive peace, understanding and security. According to research, countries with a sustainable and more open tourism sector are more likely to experience high levels of positive peace (Hall, et al 2004). As such, tourism plays an important role in fostering peace and reconciliation among people and nations. For example, tourism contributed to the changes in the political relationship between China and the USA (Fan 2005). D'Amore (2008) argues that tourism is a major contributor to building trust and goodwill among people. The understanding of cultural beliefs helps change the attitudes and create a peaceful co-existence. The role of tourism in building peace is enhanced through its contribution to cultural preservation, environmental conservation and poverty alleviation. Tourism also acts as a crucial tool in reconciliation efforts after the war. In post-conflict societies, capacity building and training, community empowerment and engagement as well as private-public partnerships are some of the important factors in promoting a culture of peace through tourism. The proponents of peace tourism argue that it helps maintain peaceful co-existence among people of different culture, race, religion and nationalities. It also suppresses the tension that may exist between different people and nations. Tourism promotes global peace in the following ways; Promote National Integration According to Birch (2009, p. 23), National integration is the process of unifying people from the various background into one people. Conflicts within a country are likely to be motivated by the social differences. For example, the process of national integration can create a feeling of oneness between Muslims and the Christians as well as other religion or to reduce wars and conflicts between communities. In the argument of Prayag and Das (2016) tourism is not just an industry that earns revenue for the government but also it is used to promote national integration. Birch (2009) argues that tourism can be used to reduce animosity among religions by unifying people of different religions. For example, tourism can be used to bring Muslims and Christians together. Therefore, it is a strong weapon which if effectively used can enhance national understanding and help promote national integration. Creation of Employment Opportunities According to Webster and Ivanov (2013) being engaged in a productive engagement is one of the factors contributing to a happy life. Webster and Ivanov (2013) argue that a job defines an individual position in the society. The lack of employment opportunities can have dire consequences on society like depression; and if not addressed it can result in conflicts and violence in the society. For example, the terrorist usually target unemployed youths to recruitment into terrorism. Lack of employment especially among the youth is a major threat to peace in any country and even globally. Tourism creates employment opportunities in an economy, thus, reducing the threats of unemployment (Vanhove 2011). According to Leiper (2015) in Australia, tourism has directly employed more than 150, 000 people. It is likely that werent it for tourism all these people would be unemployed and would be forced to engage in criminal activities like stealing and terrorism. It has also created business opportunities for thousands of people worldwide. In the absence of tourism, a lot of people would be unemployed. Increase in the unemployment levels is likely to contribute to increased criminal activities. Tourism engages people in meaningful activities and helps reduce the criminal activities and conflicts associated with unemployment. Opportunity to Learn Cultural Differences Robinson and Boniface (2009) argue that most of the cultural conflicts are as a result of lack of understanding of the other people culture and beliefs. Cultural conflicts occur when people consider the traditions and beliefs of another cultural group as a challenge to their traditions and beliefs. Providing an opportunity for people to learn and understand other peoples culture and beliefs could potentially ease cultural conflicts. For example, the cultural conflict between the Jews, Christians and the Muslims is largely fuelled by ignorance of others cultural values and beliefs. Cultural tourism offers an opportunity to learn and appreciate the cultural practices of others. Learning the cultural practises and beliefs of others helps overcome cultural ignorance that lead to conflicts (Robinson Boniface 2009). As such, tourism provides an opportunity to learn new cultures and beliefs which as a result eases cultural conflicts. Promote Social Equality According to Peters (2004), one of the factors contributing to war and conflicts especially in the developing countries is the unequal distribution of wealth. Developing countries have a high risk of civil war than the developed countries. For example, a country with a $ 250 GDP per capita has a 15% chance of being involved in a civil war (Peters 2004). Peters (2004) further argues that the high risk of civil war in the developing countries is as a result of inequality distribution of resources, especially in the rural areas. The rural areas are less developed and characterised with high poverty levels. The unequal distribution of wealth creates tension which if not addressed is likely to lead to war or conflicts in a country. Peters (2004) claim that tourism promotes the process of wealth distribution, and capital formation, and provides an opportunity for infrastructure development in the rural areas. The infrastructure developments result in increased employment opportunities for the local people. Social inequalities if not checked can easily degenerate into conflicts. As such, it is important to promote social equality as a means to reducing internal fighting especially in the developing countries. Tourism is a significant factor in ensuring social equality and in uplifting the living conditions of rural people which reduce structural violence. Economic Growth Globally, Tourism is a major driver of economic development in most countries and it has contributed to 9.8% of the global GDP and created 10% of jobs in the global economy in the year 2014 (Lew 2015). Lew (2015) claims that over the years, tourism has notably continued to grow, thus, contributing to a significant portion of the global economic development. According to Peters (2004) studies show a close relationship between violent conflicts and economy. Conflicts occur as a result of an economic factor like poverty, which forces society to go into a conflict. Economic growth reduces the poverty levels in a country and is associated with low level of conflicts. Tourism being one of the factors contributing significantly to economic development acts as an agent to prevent conflict. In many countries, it has significantly contributed to the economic development. Economic development reduces the chances of war and conflicts likely to occur due to under development. Promotion of Cultural Exchange Newman (2009, p. 123) argue that one of the root causes of war and also conflicts is the cultural barriers among different communities and people. Breaking the cultural barrier can help promote peaceful co-existence among different communities. According to Ap and Var (2010), tourism encourages cultural exchange and break the cultural barrier that may exist between nations and people. Through cultural exchange people and nations appreciate the cultural practices of others. Over the centuries, international interactions have experienced many changes. The best bridge between different cultures is the cultural exchange. The Cultural Exchange provides an opportunity for people to better understand different cultures as well as the desires and motivations of various cultures. Tourism enables people to visit different places and learn new cultures. As a result, it promotes mutually beneficial relations and interactions between people of different nations and cultures. Promote Diplomacy According to McDonald and Bendahmane (2007), Diplomacy has an important role in avoiding war between nations. Poor Diplomatic relationship increase tension and can generate war and also conflicts among countries and people. McDonald and Bendahmane (2007) further argue that diplomacy helps in creating a culture of peace between countries. Tourism enhances diplomacy by improving citizen to-government, government-to-government, and citizen-to-citizen relationships (Fan 2005). Fan (2005) further argues that these types of relationship help supplement the high-level government diplomacy. As a result, tourism contributes to the improvement of relationships internationally at all levels. Improving relationships between different people and different nations is important in ensuring peaceful co-existence among people and nations. The Concept of Peace Tourism According to Miller, et al., (2014) the recent interest in tourism as a means of promoting peace and combating conflicts has led to the development of Peace tourism concept. The concept of peace tourism is intended to reduce the causes of conflicts and create solutions to the violence perceived situations (Blanchard Higgins-Desbiolles 2013). Blanchard Higgins-Desbiolles (2013) argue that the aim of the peace tourism is to create positive peace and sustainable development through the tourism industry. One of the advantages of peace tourism is that it can be used to prevent structural violence, mostly associated with prolonged conflicts. As such, it is relevant in the structural prevention of conflicts rather than direct conflicts. The structural prevention of conflict relates to establishing measures that prevent the worsening or development of the causes of conflicts. It is important to note that, tourism is a different form of conflict prevention, unlike direct prevention which in volves arbitration, mediation and negotiations. Tourism being a structural prevention method is synonymous with building lasting peace solutions that address the cultural, social and economic factors. If these factors are not addressed, they have the potential of causing conflicts and violence in the long run. Ensuring proper management of the tourism projects contribute to the peaceful co-existence by reducing the structural causes of violence (Litvin 2008). Addressing the structural causes of conflicts can help in promoting peace. According to Litvin (2008) the tourism peace theory provides insight on how tourism helps in suppressing conflicts. The tourism peace model emphasises on the benefits of sustainable and cooperative economic, cultural and political policies with the objective of eliminating cultural, structural and direct violence. Peace tourism emphasises more on the importance of positive peace rather than just eliminating direct violence. The concept of peace tourism has helped cross the regional, race and ethnic boundaries, thus, fostering global peace. Conclusion The world is continuously faced with the threat of conflicts and war. For this reason, appropriate measures must be put in place with the aim of reducing the causes of conflicts and violence. Addressing the root causes of the conflicts is the best long term strategy of overcoming the threat of war and conflicts facing the world. Tourism is one of the strategies increasingly gaining recognition as a means of addressing the root causes of conflicts and violence in the world. The proponents of peace tourism argue that tourism can be used to address the social, economic and environmental factors likely to ignite conflicts and violence. One of the benefits of tourism is its ability to unite people of different background and to create a feeling of oneness. Though, peace tourism is a relatively new concept it is a power weapon in promoting global peace. Peace emphasises on the benefits of sustainable and cooperative economic, cultural and political policies with the objective of eliminatin g cultural, structural and direct violence. Reference List Ap, J. Var, T. (2010). Does tourism promote world peace?. Tourism Management, 11(3), pp.267-273. Barash, D.P. Webel, C.P. (2013). Peace and conflict studies. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Birch, A.H. (2009). Nationalism and national integration. Psychology Press. Blanchard, L.A. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2013). Peace through tourism: Promoting human security through international citizenship (Vol. 39). Routledge. D'Amore, L.J. (2008). TourismA vital force for peace. Tourism Management, 9(2), pp.151-154. Fan, S.P. (2005). A policy analysis on China's tourism-based diplomacy: A case study of outbound tourism developments. Mainland China Studies, 48(2), p.61 Hall, C.M., Timothy, D.J. Duval, D.T. (2004). Security and tourism: towards a new understanding?. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 15(2-3), pp.1-18. Horner, S. Swarbrooke, J. (2016). Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge. Kester, J.G. (2014). 2013 International Tourism Results and Prospects for 2014. UNWTO News. Leiper, N. (2015). A conceptual analysis of tourism-supported employment which reduces the incidence of exaggerated, misleading statistics about jobs. Tourism Management, 20(5), pp.605-613. Lew, A.A., (2015). Tourism's role in the global economy. Tourism Geographies, 13(1), pp.148-151. Litvin, S.W., (2008). Tourism: The world's peace industry?. Journal of Travel Research, 37(1), pp.63-66. McDonald, J.W. Bendahmane, D.B. eds. (2007). Conflict resolution: Track two diplomacy. Foreign Service Institute, US Dept. of State. Miller, H., Rojek, C. Urry, J. (2014). Tourism and Peacean Emerging Field of Action and Research. and Peace, p.17. Newman, J.S. (2009). Understanding international conflicts. Longman. Pernecky, T. (2013). Re-examining the ability of mass tourism to promote peace. CAUTHE 2013: Tourism and Global Change: On the Edge of Something Big, p.604. Peters, P.E. (2004). Inequality and social conflict over land in Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change, 4(3), pp.269-314. Pizam, A. (2006). Does tourism promote peace and understanding between unfriendly nations. Tourism, crime and international security issues, pp.203-213. Pratt, S. Liu, A. (2016). Does tourism really lead to peace? A global view. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1), pp.82-90. Prayag, G. Das, S. (2016). Tourism in India. The Routledge Handbook of Tourism in Asia. Robinson, M. Boniface, P. (2009). Tourism and cultural conflicts. CAB International. Vanhove, N. (2011). Tourism and employment. International Journal of Tourism Management, 2(3), pp.162-175. Webster, C. Ivanov, S.H. (2013). Tourism as a force for political stability. The International Handbook on Tourism and Peace(Forthcoming).

Importance of Ritual in Confucianism and in Islam

Coca Cola Company Marketing Report

Coca Cola Company Marketing Report Introduction Coca Cola Company is the leading beverage firm in the world. Started in 1886, this firm has managed to become one of the America’s most profitable companies. Its trademark was officially registered in the United States in 1944. Kline (2010) reports that the firm has experienced a consistent growth in its market share in the local market. The firm is currently operational in over 200 countries across the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Coca Cola Company Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brand ‘Coca Cola’ has been rated as one of the best brand in the world. In the year 2008, it was rated the most valuable brand in America and the world at large, beating some of the renowned brands like Apple, General Electric and Amazon.com. The firm has been experiencing consistent growth even in the face of the economic slowdown in the United States and other major world markets. According to Biswas (2011), it has been in a position to withstand some of the external challenges posed by various factors in the environment. In order to bring to focus the environmental factors that have influenced this firm, a SWOT analysis will be used. SWOT Analysis The strength of this company lies in various factors. One of the major strengths of this firm is its brand name (Grossman, 2011). As Stated above, the brand Coca Cola is one of the strongest brands in the world. This has made it be able to maintain its market share in the face of an increasingly competitive market. This firm also has financial strength. It has been in operation for over 100 years, amassing huge wealth in the process. As such, this firm is in a position to implement its projects, including those of research and extension. The firm also operates in various countries outside the home market. As such, it has been able to balance its production when one section of its market is experiencing economic gr owth while the other has recession. Despite the above strengths of this firm, Lippman (2004) says that there are some weaknesses that it has, a fact that has seen some of its competitors like Pepsi Cola eat up a section of its market share. One of the weaknesses that many environmentalists have repeatedly talked about is environmental degradation. The plastic bottles that this firm uses in packing its drinks are causing havoc to the environment. It is apparent that this firm is yet to develop solution to this problem because as Tanke (2000) notes, Coca Cola Company is yet to replace the plastic bottles with better alternatives.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Within the environment that this firm operates are some opportunities that have made it experience massive growth in its market share. According to Panagariya (2008), Coca Cola Company has exploited vacuum th at existed in many countries in the world, especially in the developing countries. Weiss (2011) says that there was no competition for this firm in the overseas markets and this Company was able to make the most out of it. Technological advancements have also enabled the firm to conduct trade much easily due to improved means of communication and transport means. The economic boom that America experienced soon after the Second World War was another opportunity that helped this firm to expand its market. The threats that this firm has had to deal with include competition. The market has gotten increasingly competitive. Charantimath (2006) notes that many firms like Pepsi Cola have come up with products, which are close substitutes of those that are offered by Coca Cola. They have eaten into the markets of Coca Cola. Political instability in some countries is another threat that this firm has had to deal with. When there is an internal strife, like the one experienced in Egypt and Lib ya in the recent past, this firm would lose millions of dollars due to the destruction of its assert in those countries. During such periods, the firm would also lose the profits they get from the country, while yet they will have to pay the employees. This would hurt the firm financially. Competitor Analysis Although there many competitors of Coca Cola in this industry, the main competitor that has been able to keep it at close watch is Pepsi Cola. Just like Coca Cola, Pepsi Cola is also an American firm. According to Clinton (2011), it has a considerably huge market share in the American market and other countries overseas. This firm has been in a position to understand the emerging market trends and respond to them as appropriate, making it develop a niche in the market. As a result of this, it has been in a position to emerge as the main competitor of Coca Cola Company. The firm has diversified its production lines as a way of ensuring that it is not affected by the failure in o ne of the lines. The brand of this firm is also strong. Pepsi Cola is known in various countries beyond America. It has managed to outsmart Coca Cola in South Africa, one of the most promising emerging markets in the third world countries (Clement Henry, 2010). The firm is also doing well locally and in other European nations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Coca Cola Company Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Market Analysis The market is getting increasingly competitive. The beverage industry is getting new products like fruit juices that never existed before. These products have been propositioned as healthy as they are taken directly from the natural fruits. According to Baily (1996), this has seen a massive shift from consumption of the cola products to the consumption of the natural fruit juices. This is a competition that Coca Cola least expected. It would have expected its competitor to be a firm l ike Pepsi Cola producing similar products to its cola products. Given this new trend, this firm must readjust its operations in order to counter this new challenge. Environmental Analysis Environmental analysis can take various fronts (Andrzej Buchaman, 2007). The competitive environment of this firm has been discussed comprehensively in the above discussion. Other environmental factors like technology, environmental conservation concerns, and economic growth are some of the other factors that would affect the operations of this firm Internal Analysis Coca Cola is a huge company with huge market share, capital base and very many employees. Other internal analyses of this firm have been looked at in the above SWOT Analysis. Marketing Objectives Marketing has experienced a complete shift from what it used to be in the past. After the Second World War, there was a huge market for many of the manufacturers in the world, Coca Cola included. By this time, the concern was to produce in ma ss and take them to the ready market in various countries in the world. The market had no options but to accept the products that were availed to them (Barthe, 2010). However, this has completely changed over the past few years. Technology has reduced the world into a global village, breaking the physical barrier that existed before. Information is also changing the world market. Customers have easy access to information. They can easily get the information about specific products they need, where to get them at competitive prices. As Shachaf (2008) says, customers are currently demanding for more value at a lesser cost. The suppliers are also getting more patronizing, especially those that operate in semi autonomous manner. They ask for more at lesser value they give. A business unit would be trapped in between a more demanding customer and a more patronizing supplier (Hirschey, Kose Makhija, 2004). This is not the only predicament in which a firm like Coca Cola finds itself.Adver tising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other cases of environmental conservation are also demanding for an attention. The firm must therefore develop a marketing plan that would work in the current business world. The firm must develop concise objectives that would enable it navigate through the market that has gotten more challenging. For Coca Cola Company, the following are some of the objectives that it may need to achieve in order to maintain its market position. To broaden the scope of the Cola brands. The current brands are broad enough, but given the new competition that is emanating from the fruit juices, the firm must refocus its strategy. The objective of broadening the scope of the Cola brands is aimed at ensuring that this firm would be in a position to introduce new competitive fronts that would counter the effect of new market competition. This would also result in increased profitability. Enhance creativity in the process of serving the customers. The research and development team of Coca Cola Company has always ensured that it provides its customers with new products often enough. However, the rate at which market is experiencing changes demands that this firm becomes more creative (Safizadeh, Field Ritzman, 2003). This creativity can be demonstrated in the way of packaging the products. Customers should be made to feel that there are changes happening within the firm which are geared towards ensuring that the customers are satisfied. Transform the bottling companies into active partners who are able to be the drivers of positive change for this firm. For a long time, the bottling companies have basically relied on the Coca Cola Company to issue directives and necessary advice in the production process. They have basically acted as the processing centers which would not give any advice on the management, production or any other concern to the company (Schmitt Lane, 2009). By transforming them into partners, this company will be empowering them to be in a position to develop creat ive ways of conducting their production. The partners can also be of great benefit to this firm because they can be the managers of local competition in various countries. Embrace technology as the agent of positive change. The society is greatly influenced by the changing technologies around the world. As Warner (2011) says, the current business society has embraced technology. Coca Cola can rely on technology to reduce the cost of production hence lower the prices of the products to competitive levels. Develop market proposition that would make it be seen as the preferred firm in this industry. This firm’s main objective is to attract and retain its customers through consistent customer satisfaction (Manaschi, 1998). As such, the firm plans to re-engineer its marketing strategies to reflect its new production methods and products that are responsive to customer needs. Targeting and Positioning Target marketing is one of the current marketing strategies that many business u nits have found to be relevant. Bird (1977) says that it starts with market segmentation. A business unit must be in a position to segment a large market and then identify those segments that are relevant. This is because the entire market cannot be equally attractive. For the Coca Cola Company, the market segment that has been identified to be the most attractive is the youth (Ruddar Sundharam, 2009). The youths are attracted to the products of this company, especially because they can easily be carried from one location to another and that they make the best snacks for such forums as party or picnics. Coca Cola Company has this market segment as its target market. it should therefore develop strategies that would help it further attract this market segment. In order to attract this segment, it has to developed market positioning strategies that would make it appealing to the youths. Coca Cola has position itself as the source of happiness (Kurtz Boone, 2010). In its Coca Cola Su mmer television commercial 2010 that was largely broadcasted in various channels of television and on YouTube, Coca Cola leaves no doubt of its intention to attract the youth. In this commercial, the firm is telling the youths that opening a bottle of Coca Cola is like opening happiness (Freeman, 2010). To the youth therefore, they go for a Coca Cola drink when they are looking for happiness. It has successfully propositioned itself as a firm that has the interest of youths at heart by making them believe that it is the genesis of happiness. Moran (2011) described this as a good move. However, it may need further adjustment to appear more attractive. The firm should attempt to convince the youths that its products are do not have any negative health consequences to its consumers. Growth Strategies The ultimate objective of every firm is always to ensure that it experiences growth in the market share and assert base. As Majer (2011) notes, this may not be easy to achieve, given the c urrent market competition. There are many businesses that are coming up, most of which offer similar products. Besides Pepsi Cola as the main competitor of Coca Cola Company, there are the local firms in various countries that are producing the fruit juices. These products are direct substitutes to the Cola products. Growth strategies must therefore be developed in order to secure this firm from a possible negative growth. One of the strategies that this firm should consider developing is the increment of its product lines (Lacity, Willcocks Feeny, 2004). This should be one of the main objectives of this firm especially in those countries where most people are shifting from consumption of Cola products to other substitutes that are believed to be more health conscious. It should consider going local by producing the line of products that are acceptable. This would help it regain the section of the market share that it might have lost to the local firms. it would also help it attrac t new market segments that were not previously covered by its initial products. This would lead to growth of this firm both in its market share and capital base. Selection of Competitive Advantage Sandwick (1987) once said that in the current world where the market is very dynamic, it is very important for a firm to develop competitive advantage as early as possible and make the maximum of it as fast as it can. This is because the in the current market, no competitive advantage is permanent. What is considered as a competitive advantage today may not be the case tomorrow (Pfiester, 2010). Coca Cola has to be in a position to select competitive advantage early enough and put in place structures that would enable it exploit it maximally. Given the competition from the local firms that are producing fruit juices, this firm has the financial advantage against them. These firms have the potential of driving the Cola products out of the world market and therefore they should not be taken lightly (Lisa Amy, 2006). The firm should use their economic strength and develop a different line from its current products that would directly compete with this local firm (Minja, 2009). Although the ultimate goal may not be a total elimination of these local firms, Coca Cola should make an effort to put to check their effects on its products. To other firms like Pepsi Cola, Coca Cola should take advantage of the fact that it has broader market coverage and therefore can make more profits. Marketing Mix Program Marketing Mix Program is one of the important factors that a firm should consider when developing business strategies that work, according to Wellington (2001). Coca Cola should start by defining the product aspect of the mix. It should determine which product would be suitable for its current markets. After determining the product that it can produce in the best way, it should determine people who would make the market for the product (Lall Narula, 2004). It should then come up with a price that would take care of the cost of production and the profit margin expected while still ensuring that the targeted people are able to pay. The firm can then design promotional procedures that would be convincing to the target group. Conclusion Business environment is getting more competitive. Coca Cola Company must therefore be ready to face this competition and develop strategies that would enable it be in a position to manage this competition. As can be seen from the above discussion, this firm has the responsibility of making its products be seen as competitive in the market. It must exploit its strengths and overcome some of the identified weaknesses within the local and international market. It should also take advantage of the opportunities that avail themselves in the external market to increase its market share. Finally, Coca Cola must identify some of the threats that are in the external environment and develop measures to overcome them. This way, it will be in a position to maintain its current market lead in the beverage industry. References Andrzej, A. Buchaman, A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. London: Prentice Hall. Baily, C. (1996). A guide to field research. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. Barthe, G. (2010). Verification, Model Checking, and Abstract Interpretation: 11th Ed. New York. Springer. Bird, A. (1977). Team structure and success as related to cohesiveness and leadership. Journal of Social Psychology, 103(2), 217-223. Biswas, S. (2011). Commitment, involvement, and satisfaction as predictors of employee performance. South Asian Journal of Management, 18(2), 92-107. Charantimath. (2006).Total Quality Management. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Clement, M. Henry, R. (2010). Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. New York: Cambridge University Press. Clinton, H. (2011). U.S Department of State, Diplomacy in Action. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc. Freeman, E. (2010). Strategic Managem ent: A Stakeholder Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press. Grossman, R. J. (2011). The care and feeding of high-potential employees. (Cover story). Hrmagazine, 56(8), 34. Hirschey, M., Kose J., Makhija, K. (2004). Corporate Governance. Amsterdam: Emerald Group Publishing. Kline, J. (2010). Ethics for International Business: Decision-Making in a Global Political Economy. New York: Routledge. Kurtz, L., Boone, L. (2010). Contemporary Marketing. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Lacity, M., Willcocks, L., Feeny, D. (2004). Commercializing the Back Office at Lloyds of London: Outsourcing and Strategic Partnerships Revisited. European Management Journal, 22(2), 127-140. Lall, S., Narula, R. (2004). Foreign Direct Investment And Its Role In Economic Development: Do We Need A New Agenda? The European Journal of Development Research, 16(3), 464-477. Lippman, T. (2004). Inside The Mirage: Americas Fragile Partnership with Saudi Arabia. New York: Basic Books. Lisa, G. Amy, D. (2006).T he Essential Guide to Federal Employment Laws. California: Nolo. Majer, C. (2011). The silent killers of productivity and profit. T+D, 65(2), 62 Manaschi, A. (1998). Comparative Advantage in International Trade: A Historical Perspective. Cheltenham, UK: Edwards Elgar Publishing. Minja, D. (2009). Ethical leadership practices. KCA Journal of Business Management, 2(1): 1-14. Moran. D. (2011). Climate Change and National Security: A Country-Level Analysis. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Panagariya, A. (2008). India: The Emerging Giant. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pfiester, E. (2010). Boosting Small and Medium Enterprises in Saudi Arabia. Web. Ruddar, D. Sundharam, K. (2009). Indian Economy. New Delhi: Chand Group. Safizadeh, M., Field, J., Ritzman, L. (2003). An Empirical Analysis of Financial Services Processes with a Front Office or Back-Office Orientation. Journal of Operations Management, 21(5), 557-576. Sandwick, J. (1987). The Gulf Cooperation Council: modera tion and stability in an interdependent world. Michigan: Westview Press. Schmitt, J., Lane, N. (2009). An International Comparison of Small Business Employment. Web. Shachaf, P. (2008). Cultural Diversity and Information and Communication Technology Impacts on Global Virtual Teams: An Exploratory Study. Information Technology Journal, 45(2), 131-142. doi:10.1016/j.im.2007.12.003. Tanke, M. (2000). Human Resources Management for the Hospitality Industry. Albany: Cengage Learning. Warner, B. (2011). Organization Change: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Weiss, W. H. (2011). Building morale, motivating, and empowering employees. Supervision, 72(9), 23. Wellington, A. (2001). Health Insurance Coverage and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Contemporary Economic Policy, 19(4).

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Mis 2200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mis 2200 - Essay Example Huber was absent. Ability to Work with Others—Tom is comfortable in a role as an individual contributor and highlights his knowledge and experience when working with others. In a managerial capacity, Tom can readily assume authority, and he might be even more effective if he were to work on his approach and be more collaborative and less dictatorial. Due to confidence in his knowledge and experience, Tom may have overstepped his authority on occasion. General Knowledge of Business Operations—Tom has worked in Mason’s Appliance Department for the past twelve years. He is the most senior staff member on the team, and his experience as an interim manager has provided additional insight into the business operations. Leadership—Carol has subtle leadership experience. She was a high school teacher for several years, and leads by example in her current role with Mason’s. While Carol definitely has capacity in this area, there appears to be an opportunity for her to grow into a stronger leader. A report of disciplinary problems in her classroom when she was teaching and her general willingness to take on any task without challenging the necessity of the task highlight this opportunity. General Knowledge of Business Operations—Carol has worked in Mason’s Appliance Department for the past four years. She has solid knowledge of the operations and given her willingness to take on all tasks assigned has broad experience of the intricacies in the department. Leadership—Don’s leadership experience is largely informal. He was captain of his track team in college and leads by example in the positions that he has held. Don has been working on a master’s degree in marketing which gives him a solid understanding of leadership concepts and principles. Ability to Work with Others—Don is professional and likable. His personality would compliment others in the department and he appears approachable. Don’s resume indicates a

Home Depot and Lowes Essay Example for Free

Home Depot and Lowes Essay Case Summary Value Line Publishing analyst, Carrie Galeotafiore had followed the retail building-supply industry for approximately three years. Within a week the investment-survey firm will be publishing Galeotafiore’s quarterly findings on the industry along with the five-year financial forecast for the industry’s leaders, Home Depot and Lowe’s. In an effort to increase their top and bottom-lines, Home Depot and Lowe’s have implemented strategies like improving customer service, attracting professional customers, and introducing a more favorable merchandise mix. Combined sales from the two companies accounted for more than a third of the industry’s sales. In the mean time, smaller hardware stores struggled to remain in the game. Galeotafiore reports shows confidence in the methods Home Depot deployed to achieve their goals and attributed Lowe’s margin expansion to their thrust into the major metropolitan markets. This case will mainly focus on the strategic issues involved with Home Depot and Lowe’s, the industry trends, the financial outlook for the respective companies, and whether or not Galeotafiore has the depth of knowledge and experience to make a correct call on the companies’ performance.Finally, the report will be substantiated with financial ratios comparing one company with the other, showing possible alternatives and proposing recommendations. Case Analysis This segment will narrow down the major issues of the case, along with the quantitative perspective showing historical trends and the projected level of economic activity. In 2001, the Economist Intelligenc Unit (EIU) estimated the retail building-supply industry to be approximately $175 billion with stores similar to Home Depot and Lowe’s capturing one third of the 51% of sales in their category. Despite the slump in the economy in 2001, growth was at 4.2% which representd a decline from 7.7% in 1998. Strategic issues for Home Depot and Lowe’s Home Depot’s CEO, Bob Nardelli’s goal was to increase their margin through declining cost in product review, opening more tool-rental centers and improving purchasing aspects. All of the above were an effort to remain  competitive. Galeotafiore stated in her report that stores which provide programs similar to the Service Performance Improvement offered by Home Depot tend to fear better in operating margins, inventory turnover and productivity, than the do-it-yourself establishments. Jefferies’ analyst Donald Trott downgraded Lowe’s, due to a declining housing-market bubble and, based on an opinion that their stock price was richly valued compared to Home Depot’s. However, on the brighter side, Lowe’s management told analysts that over the next two years, it expected to maintain sales growth between 18% and 19% and over the next three years from 2002 to 2004 it is expected to open 123, 130 and 140 stores respectively entering metropolitan m arkets with populations over 500,000 like the Boston and New York markets.

Comparing Middletons A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Beaumonts Knight

Upturning Social Tradition in Middleton's A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Beaumont's Knight of the Burning Pestle Satirical dramatic works from early seventeenth-century England provide invaluable information about the society that spawned them through their comical and critical insights. Recurring themes from these works enhance one's knowledge of the culture in which they first appeared. The ascension of the lower and middle classes into social prestige and nobility emerges among the most prevalent dramatic themes of the time. Capitalizing upon the subsequent social confusion, seventeenth-century playwrights convey the uncertainty of whether to follow the dictum of flagging traditions or to purchase a higher place in society. To understand the nuances of how social change affected England, one needs only to glance at Thomas Middleton's A Chaste Maid in Cheapside, which illustrates the struggle of the English aristocracy to survive as lower-born citizens triumphantly rise into its ranks. A Chaste Maid in Cheapside's sister drama, Francis Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle, also depicts this situation in England despite its differing plot and structure. Moreover, both plays feature similar resolutions that subtly contribute to the aura of social confusion. To emphasize the prevalence of upward mobility, Middleton's A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle feature women who overcome sexually-motivated male suitors by feigning death, an action that symbolically exemplifies the quavering social boundaries and the diminishing... ...h works. One inconspicuous ripple of the numerous social shock waves appears as women overcome their insolent suitors by feigning death: a figurative upheaval of orthodox social values. In addition, the unfulfilled eroticism of the suitors suggests the future deterioration of their belief that they must marry a woman for propagation and not for love. After the women escape subjection to this lifestyle by faking their deaths, the consequences of their resurrection demonstrate the inconstancy of cultural certainties in their society. Works Cited Beaumont, Francis. The Knight of the Burning Pestle. Ed. John Doebler. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967. Middleton, Thomas. A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Ed. Alan Brissenden. New York: WW Norton & Company, Inc., 1997.

Od vs Hr

We are witnessing and participating in an unprecedented dissolution of the boundaries of the field of organization development. In organizations around the world, the HRS function Is monopolizing the ODD function at an unprecedented pace, which is limiting our reach, blunting our effectiveness, and compromising our role. † ODD and HRS Do We Want the Lady or the Tiger? By Matt Mailman Ding. Ding. Ding. K, time's up. Time to decide. Will it be door number one, or door number two? The lady or the tiger? In Frank Stockpot's allegory (1882), a prisoner is ordered to choose between two closed doors.Behind one is a woman whom he must marry sight unseen and live with for the rest of his life; behind the other is the tiger which would surely eat him alive. Without knowing exactly what is behind which door, how Is one to choose? And, which does one really prefer? Like the mythical prisoner, the field of ODD has been standing In front of two doors for too long, putting off the choice betw een them. One door would leave the ODD function embedded within HRS; the other would get ODD out to stand independently on its own two feet in the organization.The field of ODD has been putting off this decision for too long? nice its inception, in fact?and it is time for us to make the decision. Well into our mid-ass as a field, we can't really blame all of this mess on our forebears, because frankly we're dealing with these choices Just as badly as they did when the field was first founded. We're still standing looking at the same two doors between which our ODD forebears could not decide. Long History, Deep Roots This question about whether ODD should be part of HRS or should stand on its own goes back to the founding of our field.What became organization development had its roots in the training and placement function, where the T group was the primary Intervention. At a panel of the founders of ODD at the 2009 Academy of Management conference in Chicago, almost every one of the m, to a man, said that they were trained as writers or sociologists or engineers, but attended an ANT Institute T group where their lives changed. (Several also lamented that they were all white men in the field at that time, and on that panel at MOM. Following their ANT experiences, they tried to bring these insights they had obtained Into their organizations via the training function. By the ate sass, Just a few years after the field was founded by about a dozen Internal training and development people at Ant's summer home in Bethel, Maine, the theory was, â€Å"let's transform the way managers think about themselves and the ways they relate to people and solve problems, and once we've done that, we can send them back home to transform their own organizations† (Operas & Bradford, 2004).Evidently, there were some who said that the ODD function should stand on its own and be independent to other intelligence (Burke, 2 ). Others, however, were concerned t the field of ODD was too new and unknown and should reside in the personnel or raining function, as advocated by Shell Davis of TRW Systems, Sys Levy from Pillsbury, Herb Sheppard formerly of Sees, Dick Backyard, and others. Their belief was that â€Å"ODD at the time was too new, too ephemeral, and too suspect to survive on its own in the organization †¦Early on, then, two models or scenarios ODD and HRS: Do We Want the Lady or the Tiger? 17 about the place of ODD within the organization were debated regarding the wisdom of such a placement† (Burke, 2004). Theory Versus Fact The vast majority of the central thinkers, writers, and scholars in our field today (Cummings & Worldly, 2005; Marshal, 2009; Ferrymen & Worldly, 2009; Retell, et al. , 2009) write as if ODD is a separate and distinct field of practice, but the facts on the ground tell a different story.We are witnessing and participating in an unprecedented dissolution of the world, the HRS function is monopolizing the ODD function at an unprecedented pace, which is limiting our reach, blunting our effectiveness, and compromising our role. As a field, we are behaving as if there is nothing we can do about it; it is as if we are watching ourselves in an automobile crash in slow motion, worried and concerned at hat we see, and yet unable to find the brakes or grab the steering wheel to avert the collision and all of the collateral damage.Maybe the founders of the field were right that ODD was too new and too fragile to stand on its own. But they didn't count on what's happening now in the field of HRS. The Ascendancy of HRS Over the past 15 years, we have seen better and better leadership of the HRS function, with several universities now offering Masters' degrees in HARM and HARD and several MBA degrees with an HRS concentration. The result has been a generation of stronger, more tragic HRS managers who have achieved a seat at the table and are trusted advisors at the top of organizations.Many managers at the top of the HRS function are getting better by the year about understanding the dynamics of the organizations in which they serve. Increasingly, they can speak the language of the board room, and are not afraid to undertake even major organization change projects. This new generation of HRS leaders clearly understands that people and money are the powers that run organizations; and when the system can provide enough of the latter, their Job is to get Just enough f it into the hands of the former to get the Job done. And then return the rest to stakeholders. And to keep the organization out of court.In these regards, they are notably different from the generation of HRS managers and VSP that preceded them, when there was no professional training for HRS managers and when these posts often went to the UP who was due to retire next. The evolution of the training function also has had an impact. Ever increasing pressures to reduce costs nave torched the training diminution to get smart about impact evaluation. Kirkpatrick (1998) four levels have forced the training function to kook beyond end-of-session â€Å"smile sheets† to defend their budgets and make the case that training is a valuable investment.The result has been that training functions are now requiring training managers who have the skills to collect data, analyze it, and think systemically about what to do with it. Sounds familiar, doesn't it? If you needed The days of HRS staff being hired principally because they were people persons with DOD listening skills are gone. The trend toward activity based costing (BBC) is now showing the true cost of overhead functions such as HRS, and HRS is responding by asking itself more relevant to the business of the organization.Many HRS staff are now called business partners, often reflecting an aspiration goal, but quite distant from the actual reality of their skills on the ground. With this smarter, more strategic generation of HRS managers comes the instinct and desire to have at hand one of the most powerful levers for organizational change and renewal, the ODD function. Thus the trend of ODD roles and functions being acquired by HRS. And, to be clear, in merger and acquisition terms, these are not mergers of equals; they are straight up acquisitions of the ODD function by HRS.Another factor has been the pressure on HRS functions to be relevant to the business of the organization. The days of HRS staff being hired principally because they were people persons with good listening skills are gone. The trend toward activity based costing (BBC) is now showing the true cost of overhead functions such as HRS, and HRS is responding by making itself more relevant to the business of the organization. Many HRS staff are now called business partners, often reflecting an aspiration goal, but quite distant from the actual reality of their skills on the ground. Money to do that, wouldn't you be looking for a DOD ODD person?Often desperate to meet the ir utilization goals, the training function is very happy to let managers continue to believe that training is the answer to every problem, a kind of panacea for whatever ails. Leaders and employees alike seem to rely on training as the answer, believing perhaps that with the right education they can deliver what the business needs. That is certainly an easier solution to accept than facing ODD issues related to how people, teams, and departments relate and connect with one another, how business processes work, and how all connect with ND work toward the strategic direction of the organization.So, it is no wonder that smart HRS leaders are looking to candidates trained and educated in ODD to take on these business partner and training leadership roles, resulting in even more blurring of the lines between ODD and HRS. 18 ODD PRACTITIONER Volvo. 42 NO. 4 2010 Differences Are Real, and Important By now, this author's biases are probably clear: there are important differences between th e ODD and HRS functions; and as these roles collapse and the differences disappear, the field of ODD is losing its unique position in the organization and its effectiveness overall.We're behaving as a field as if we uncoil be living in a both/and world around this, when the truth is exactly the opposite. Many in ODD struggle to find and hold boundaries that separate people and things. We spend our entire time helping our clients make better connections between each other at all levels?individuals and pairs, cross unit collaboration, organizations working toward better partnerships, etc. But when it comes to ODD and our HRS cousins, we should be sharpening and better defining our boundaries, not blurring them, because the differences in our functions are real and important.The HRS function has a legally mandated, regulatory role: to provide people to fill Jobs, to reduce costs (for payroll, health care insurance, benefits, etc. ), and to keep the organization out of the courts and th e press by ensuring compliance and avoiding claims of discrimination or harassment. People view HRS as the people you go to with a problem that you want to make official. People feel that going to HRS puts things in the record. They see HRS as the enforcers or policemen.The ODD function has a developmental mandate; in fact, our Job is to increase the effectiveness of the organization and to maximize the potential of the human beings in the work force. We have theories, concepts, beliefs, and values through which we help our clients assure that there is alignment among strategy, structure, business process, and culture, while at the same time embedding human values such as honesty, respect, diversity, and voice.One model (Marshal, 2006) outlines three domains of knowledge for ODD practitioners: Ð’Â » understanding social systems, drawing on theories and ideas from the social sciences, including psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and others, consistent with ODD aloes; understanding the wows and whys of change, including the bodies of knowledge that help explain how all levels of the system?individual, group, organizational, community, and even societies change; and understanding the role of the third party change agent, especially aiding the person in charge as well as the system itself to bring about the desired changes, requiring an understanding of the issues, politics, psychological processes related to being a third party in a change process. That doesn't sound much like the recruit, retain, train, and develop mandate of the HRS function, does it? It is hard to imagine even the highest functioning HRS departments being knowledgeable and skilled in all these areas. There are many in HRS who look at the list of ODD functions and say, â€Å"Oh, we can do that! † And, on occasion, they may be right.But the philosophies of the two disciplines are starkly different, as are the theory bases, the world views, the c ore skills sets, and their roles within the organization. There is a built-in conflict between the role of ODD consultant, coach or adviser with a developmental mandate working toward organizational effectiveness, versus the role to the R practitioner whose core mandate is regulatory and endorsement. Can a good HRS person advise on selected developmental matters, such as training strategies and needs assessments? Yes, as can a good ODD person. But the conflict of interest for the HRS staff shows up when the Action Research process of retreat planning and design requires them to interview staff about a manager's effectiveness.What staff member in her right mind would say something critical of their manager to someone from HRS, who is likely also to be involved in decisions about that manager's promotion, pay, and even succession planning? Or their own? HRS has its hands on too many of the organizational levers and has too many mandates centering around enforcement and control to ever be effective at drawing out of managers the truth about their insecurities, anxieties, and the shadow sides, that is so necessary to doing good work and being effective in doing ODD. Troubling Examples These concerns aren't Just theoretical, either. Quick conversations with a handful of colleagues, both ODD and HRS, turn up some troubling examples.In a large multinational organization, The Different Functions Organization Development Ђ Improve the effectiveness of the organization Maximize the potential of human beings and their contributions to the organization Align strategy, structure, business processes, and behavior into an effective corporate culture Model and foster humanistic values into the workplace Human Resources Manage employee attraction, retention, development, and performance management Develop and manage programs for employee relations, staff wellbeing, workforce planning, and workload management Ensure equity and diversity Reduce labor costs Avoid litigation E nforce corporate policies 9 the ODD staff and external consultants were forced to follow the rules that govern the rest of the HRS function around meeting with VSP and senior managers. The HRS UP insisted that he attend every meeting that the HRS?and ODD! ?staff had with other VSP in the organization. Not Just marketing or contracting meetings, but actual project meetings as well. He was unwilling to make an exception for the ODD staff lest the HRS staff get upset.Within weeks, his it was in Corporate Strategy along with the strategy and budget functions, where it had free reign of the organization and was in constant contact with the top dervish on strategy, structure, and corporate culture. It was later merged into the HRS function. The results: the best organization design people in town left (with all of their embedded knowledge) rather than be reassigned to deliver management training programs. Then a succession to HRS managers grade- practitioner is, then anybody can hang out a shingle claiming he or she is an ODD consultant. In fact, some years ago, there was an informal study of the members of the ODD Network that found that almost one third of them had taken on the label or the role of ODD consultant, with no previous education or training in the field.Not All Bad News To be clear, the field has shifted largely positively, over the past few decades, responding to some of the â€Å"red flags† that Larry Greener (1972) identified for ODD, including: Ð’Â » Putting individual behavior ahead of strategy, structure, process, and controls; Ð’Â » Overemphasized the informal at the expense of the formal organization, driving more for openness and trust to change the culture, often at the expense of efficiency, hierarchy, and accountability; Ð’Â » Driving open and trusting relationships as a normative model for change, without questioning the context or applicability in a even situation, and assuming that team building was always the preferre d intervention; Ð’Â » Putting process before task, enamored with the human dynamics of working together over getting the work done; and Ð’Â » Treating the manager as Just another stakeholder, relatively uninvolved in the planning and conduct of consultant programs rather than the key stakeholder. Historically, the field has addressed many, if not all, of these red flags among strong and well-grounded practitioners. However, many of them are still quite evident in HRS people who are trying to do ODD today.The Right Answer Reflecting on the various options for organizing and structuring the ODD function and constructing its relationship with HRS, the optimum solution is to establish In a large financial institution, the ODD function thrived when it was part of the IT function where it designed and facilitated large business process simplification projects. It had its best years when it was in Corporate Strategy along with the strategy and budget functions, where it had free re ign of the organization and was in constant contact with the top leadership on strategy, structure, and corporate culture. It was later merged into the HRS function. The results: the best organization design people in town left (with all of their embedded knowledge) rather than be reassigned to deliver management training programs. Schedule became a huge constraint on the work of the ODD function because consultants (internal and external) could not get into his calendar to meet with their clients. In a science-based organization the ODD function was fully financially self-sufficient, recovering the costs and a bit of an â€Å"upgrade† from its internal clients. Other HRS managers got resentful of this chargeable mechanism. They forced the manager of the ODD program to stop cupping her costs, which effectively killed the ODD function because it had no free- standing budget of its own. In a university, a very strong and capable ODD function has been merged and renamed Learning and ODD, resulting in the organization's best ODD talent being diverted into managing the training program for the university.In a large financial institution, the ODD function thrived when it was part of the IT function where it designed and facilitated large business process simplification projects. It had its best years when ally reduced the ODD function to delivering two day team alluding retreats, and a cadre of dozens of internal and external consultants has been whittled down to less than 10. In one knowledge -based organization we know, the ODD person is required to have the HRS person present during all contracting and data collection meetings. Clients are now creatively working around the requirement by calling the ODD staff directly on their cell phones after hours to discuss matters that they can't or won't say in front of the HRS people, who are not trusted in that system.No Boundaries, No Standards What Bradford and Burke (2004) said about the jack of standards in the field of ODD applies equally well to the lack of boundaries with the HRS function. â€Å"When there is lack of clarity as to the boundaries of the field and corresponding confusion about what the appropriate role of an ODD 20 the ODD function independently. Ideally, it would have a blended mandate and funding, charging back for local unit-specific work, and centrally funded for organization-wide efforts. There are instances when ODD should be working in partnership with the HRS function, specialists on one discipline speaking with and working closely with specialists of the other discipline.There are instances when the HRS function would be the ODD function's client; and there are instances when the ODD and HRS functions ought not to be working together at all, such as when there are conflicts of interest or large scale organization strategy or design projects not ready for implementation. There are disadvantages to being freestanding and independent within the organization. The O DD function may become vulnerable to exposure, scrutiny, and politics. Some ODD people can't play in the C-suite (Burke, 2004). The function would have to earn its stripes and compete for money and mandate with there functions in strategic planning, financial management, budget, and yes, even HRS.But the upsides of organizational independence are quite significant, and are evident now where strong ODD departments are standing on their own. The ODD function becomes central to the business of the organization, influencing strategy, mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, restructuring, etc. It works upstream, providing early input on the development of plans and processes, able to bring a systemic perspective and ODD values to actions that previously had been made primarily on financial grounds alone. It is present and able to influence the setting of the agenda, not Just the implementation of it. But How to Get There? It is no longer enough Just to be good at process.To be able to st and independently in organizations, free of the cover and support of the HRS function, ODD practitioners need to: Ð’Â » Know the major environmental, regulatory, and financial drivers of the organization; Know, be known by, and trusted by the top leadership to the organization; Know what's involved in evaluating, deciding, and implementing mergers and acquisitions, especially around blending corporate cultures and business processes; Be effective n working across cultures, in global environments, and especially today, virtually; and Be attuned to the organizational politics within the organization and within its governance structures. (Greener ; Cummings, 2004) Integrating sustainability and globalization into the world of ODD brings another set of challenges.To play effectively as a free standing function, free of support from HRS, ODD practitioners need: Ð’Â » New and better ideas for progress, guided by diversity, development, and sustainability; Ð’Â » To understand a nd be effective at intervening in economic systems, balancing productivity with innovation, sustainability, and perversity; socially constructed and negotiated (Bushes ; Marshal, 2008). As the boundaries of the field have expanded over the past 15 years to include more systemic perspectives, there are new challenges for how to educate new ODD professionals (Minoan ; Farther, 2008). That's a tall order for a field that has prided itself historically on being apolitical, focusing on the individual, following the lead of the client, ambivalent about asserting ourselves in leadership roles within our client systems, and seeing ourselves as a bit subversive in being countercultures. There is some good news here, however.